Lesson Plan
Level :
English Education Departement Students
Semester : 6th
Subject : Writing 4
Topic :
Writing Argumentative Essay
Meeting :
1st
Duration :
1 x 60 minutes
Method :
GTM
Goal Competency: Students are able to express their argument
in a written text about a trending topic in the society.
Class Procedures
1.
Opening
2.
Have a small talk about a recent trending topic in the society.
3.
Lecturer explains and gives an example of
argumentative essay
4.
Lecturer explains the procedures of making
argumentative essay
5.
Lecturer has the students read the passage and
translate the meaning
6.
Lecturer makes the student write an outline of
argumentative essay (if the time is not enough, we can make it as homework)
7.
Closing
|
How to Write an Effective Argument
Essay:
Pre-Writing
|
|
Creating an
Argument Outline
Although
there is no set model of organization for argumentative essays, there are some
common patterns that writers might use or that writers might want to
combine/customize in an effective way.
A Shocking Traditional
Female
circumcision is also known, more
accurately,
as female genital mutilation
and female
genital cutting (FGC.) There
are three
forms of FGC. The first is a
clitoridectomy,
the cutting and/or
removal of
the hood of the clit
oris and all
or part of the
clitoris.
The second is an excision which removes the clitoris, the hood, and the labia
minor (the
inner folds of the vulva that is
responsible
for producing lubrication.) The
infibulation
is the third and mo
st radical
which also removes everything in the excision
along with
the labia majora, th
e outer
folds of the vulva. Once removed the sides of the
vulva are
sewn together leaving a small ho
le (about
pencil size) for the flow of
menstruation
and urine. Th
e tradition
of FGC dates back
more than
1000 years and is
practiced in
parts of Asia, the Far East, Eu
rope, Asia,
South America, and even amongst
certain
ethnic groups in the United States.
Aisha Abdel
Majid tells of her experien
ce in an
interview with Rogaia Mustafa
Abusharaf,
an anthropologist
born in
Sudan, in her articl
e “Unmasking
the Tradition of
Female
Circumcision.” Majid describes her cu
tting is
when she was only 6 years old. She
recalls
being taken by her mother and two
aunts to the
midwife in the neighborhood known
for
performing circumcisions. She is told th
at she is
going to be
purified.
Upon this
realization
Aisha tries to break
free but is
forced down and
ordered onto
a bed of ropes
with a hole
in the middle. She accounts,
Peck 2
“They held
me tight while the midwife starte
d to cut my
flesh without anesthetics. I
screamed
till I lost my voice. The midwife was saying to me, ‘Do you want me to
be taken
into police custody?’ After the j
ob was done
I could not eat, drink or even
pass urine
for three days. I remember one
of my uncles
who discovered what they
did to me
threatened to press charges agains
t his
sisters. They were afraid of him
and they
decided to bring me back to the
midwife. In
her sternest voice she ordered
me to squat
on the floor and urinate. It s
eemed like
the most difficult thing to do at
that point,
but I did it. I urinated
for a long
time and was shivering with
pain.”(Abusharif
pgs 1-2)
Aisha
continues on though it took her a long ti
me to
recover looking back now over forty
years later
she understands the motivations of
her mother
wanting her to be clean, but it
was a lot of
anguish. Clearly, female circumci
sion is an
inhumane pr
actice
justified with
ignorant
beliefs and false benefits.
This is one
testimony similar to millions of instances that occur each year.
According to
3 separate studies published in Bi
oethics
details the severity of the type of
circumcisions
varied greatly by region. A st
udy in
Sierra Leone found that thirty nine
percent of
females had undergone the clitorid
ectomy,
sixty percent
the
excision, and about
1 percent
the infibulations. The same y
ear, 1982, a
study was done in Somalia eighty
percent of
the operations were
the
excision. The article
also
includes a study done in 1993
that found
“the pervasiveness of genital mutila
tion in
Africa ranged from 10 percent in
Tanzania to
98 percent in Djibouti”(Circumcis
ion pg1.)
Regardless of how evasive the
genital
cutting done the low estimate found in
a clinical
report from The Alan Guttmacher
Institute
more than 100 million women have had some
level of
FGC. It is also estimated 2
Peck 3
million more
girls from ages four to twelve
years old
will be cut annually. A motivational
factor
behind this testim
ony was for
purification.
Purification
is one of the traditional beliefs
of why FGC
is necessary. The word for
circumcision
in traditional Arabic is
tahara
meaning to
purify. While FGC occurs in
varying
religions it is most strong in the Isla
m religion
and is believed to be requirement by
many
Muslims. The Koran, the bible of Islam,
however
nowhere in it refers to female
circumcision.
Mohammed, the god of the
Muslims,
declared rights for women although
they are to
be considered below men. M
ohammed
displayed humanity toward females
when he
banned the old Arabic pre-Islam
practice of
burying undesired female babies
alive. The
Koran
cites in the
following verse, “Sur
a 2:228,”
that women have rights too
“...Women
shall with justice ha
ve rights
similar to those ex
ercised
against them, although
men have a
status above wome
n. God is
mighty and wise” (qt
d. in Voula
pg2.) Therefore,
the
justification via religi
ous beliefs
is unfounded confirmed by the main offending
religions
messiah himself.
Another
commonly held belief behind FGC is
that there
is some form of medical
benefit to
the girl. In Nigeri
a there are
ethnic groups that believe if a baby comes into
contact with
the clitoris during childbirth the ba
by will die.
Others believe the clitoris will
grow to be
penis like and drag on the ground.
Female genitalia
are believed by some to be
poisonous to
sperm and must be removed to main
tain
fertility. None
of these
beliefs are
true; in
fact FGC has quite th
e opposite
effect on fertility a
nd the
health of the girls.
Infertility
can in truth be a medical compli
cation
caused by the cutting. The death of a
child does
not happen due to contact with a clito
ris in the
birth, but the obstructed labor as
a result of
the cutting can cause
the baby to
be born with brain damage or even dead. In a
Peck 4
clinical report
done in acco
rdance with
classification de
signed by
the World Health
Organization
the studies show, “Infants born
to women who
had undergone the moderately
severe and
most severe types of
mutilation
were more likely to
have
required resuscitation
at
deliver...and more likely to have died while
their mother
was an inpatient... than infants
born to
women who had not had genital mutilation.” (Not Just Skin pg 3.) While the
clitoris is
formed with similar nerve tissue that
develops
into the penis, this is often why the
removal of
the clitoris is compared to the equi
valent of
removal of the penis, the clitoris
does not
grow into a dangling penis like mass.
The
complications range from immediate to
long term
including hemorrhaging, the inability
to urinate,
tetanus, pelvic inflammation,
cysts, scar
tissue, tumors, chronic urinary tr
act
infections, bladder
and kidney
stones, and
death. These
medical complications de
monstrate
the horrific effects of FGC on the
health of
the girl and obviously
do not
present a benefit as those
who practice
FGC believe.
A result of
FGC is not only painful inte
rcourse, but
likewise decreased sexual
pleasure.
This lack of a sexual appetite
is one
reason given for justification of the
procedure.
If a woman does not undergo the
procedure
she is believed she will be loose
and
promiscuous. The FGC is considered a
safeguard
against casual and premarital sex.
The belief
that a woman will be unable to control her sexual desire lest she is mutilated
is
unreasonable.
The belief places all the respons
ibility of
sexual promiscuity on the female
and leaves
the male unaccountable for his role
in the
sexual exchange. This belief again
displays the
fear and ignorance embedded around FGC.
The US
Federal Prohibition of Female Gen
ital Mutilation
Act of 1995 protects us in
the US from
these abusive fo
rms of
treatment however not
every
country holds the same
belief
system. While it is tr
ue the
tradition of FGC has
long roots
in history and hold
For more
information on how to create an outline, click here to read Developing
an Outline from the
Purdue University On-line Writing Lab.
Below are 3
different patterns that you can consider. Also, beneath these are 3 additional
outlines that you can print and fill in.
|
Outline I
Introduction/Thesis-Claim
Body Paragraph 2: Present your 2nd point and it's supporting
evidence.
|
Outline II
Introduction/Thesis-Claim
Body Paragraph 3: Present your first point and supporting evidence.
Body Paragraph 4: Present your second point and supporting evidence.
|
Outline III
Introduction/Thesis-Claim
Body Paragraph 1: Present your first point and
it's supporting evidence, which also refutes one of your opposition's claims.
Body Paragraph 2: Present your second point and it's supporting
evidence, which also refutes a second opposition claim.
Body Paragraph 3: Present your third point and it's supporting
evidence, which also refutes a third opposition claim.
|
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar